Dunder Methods:

In Python, special methods are a set of predefined methods you can use to enrich your classes. They are easy to recognize because they start and end with double underscores, for example __init__ or __str__.

A variable is only available from inside the region it is created. This is called scope.

Local Scope: A variable created inside a function belongs to the local scope of that function, and can only be used inside that function.

Example:

def myfunc():
  x = 300
  print(x)

myfunc()

Global Scope: A variable created in the main body of the Python code is a global variable and belongs to the global scope.

Global variables are available from within any scope, global and local.

Example:

x = 300

def myfunc():
  print(x)

myfunc()

print(x)

Global Keyword:

If you need to create a global variable, but are stuck in the local scope, you can use the global keyword.

The global keyword makes the variable global.

Example:

def myfunc():
  global x
  x = 300

myfunc()

print(x)

nonlocal keyword:

The nonlocal keyword is used to work with variables inside nested functions, where the variable should not belong to the inner function.

Use the keyword nonlocal to declare that the variable is not local.

example:

def myfunc1():
  x = "John"
  def myfunc2():
    x = "hello"
  myfunc2()
  return x

print(myfunc1())

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